The main cause was the power struggle between King Charles I and Parliament over governance and finances.

King Charles I's support for Catholicism and its impact on the Protestant majority.

A massive peasant uprising due to food shortages and unemployment.

Nobility disputes over land ownership and inheritance rights.

Religion was a significant factor, with tensions between Protestant factions and fears of Catholicism influencing the monarchy.

Lack of religious reform desired by the Anabaptists.

A struggle for power between the Pope and the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Disputes over the translation of religious texts into English.

High tariffs on imported luxury goods above all else.

The abolition of serfdom affecting noble incomes.

Economic causes included heavy taxation and Charles I's use of non-parliamentary means to raise funds.

Bankruptcies caused by investment in failing overseas colonies.

Charles I's stubbornness and refusal to compromise alienated him from Parliament and many of his subjects.

His leniency and excessive generosity towards political opponents.

His charismatic ability to unite differing political factions.

His open advocacy for dividing parliament into sections.

It led to the immediate declaration of war by Parliament.

It was a peace agreement that attempted to unify factions but failed.

It was ignored entirely by both the king and Parliament.

The Petition of Right (1628) sought to limit the king’s power and emphasize parliamentary rights, deepening the divide.