An addition reaction occurs when two reactants combine to form a single product, which is common in alkenes and alkynes.
An elimination reaction involves the loss of a small molecule.
A substitution reaction replaces an atom or group in a molecule with another atom or group.
Polymerization refers to monomers bonding together to form polymers.
In a substitution reaction, an atom or group in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.
In a condensation reaction, two molecules combine while losing a small molecule like water.
In a radical reaction, radicals are formed and propagate the reaction.
A dehydration reaction involves the removal of water to form alkenes.
A common elimination reaction is the dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes.
Esterification forms an ester from an acid and an alcohol.
Hydrogenation adds hydrogen to unsaturated organic compounds.
Oxidation increases the number of bonds to oxygen or decreases hydrogen content.
Oxidation in organic chemistry often involves increasing the number of bonds to oxygen or loss of hydrogen atoms.
Redox reactions involve oxidation and reduction processes sharing electrons.
Oxidation leads to the formation of anhydrides from acids.
Decomposition occurs when compounds break down into simpler substances.
Reduction usually involves an increase in hydrogen content or a decrease in oxygen content.
Reduction involves substituting one part of a molecule with another.
It is a process of losing electrons in chemical reactions.
Reduction is a process of gaining oxygen in chemical transformations.
The bromine water test, where bromine water decolorizes in the presence of alkenes, indicating unsaturation.
The litmus test changes color in the presence of acids and bases.
The Tollens' test identifies aldehydes by silver mirror formation.
The Fehling's test indicates aldehyde presence by a red precipitate.
Catalysts speed up reactions without being consumed, often lowering the activation energy needed.
Catalysts are reactants depleted during the reaction process.
They decrease the temperature needed for substances to boil.
Catalysts inhibit reactions by increasing activation energy.
Polymerization is a chemical process in which monomers are bonded together to form polymers.
Polymerization is the process of breaking down polymers into monomers.
It involves the separation of water from a hydrate.
Polymerization leads to the formation of simpler molecules from complex ones.
Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated organic compounds, often used to saturate alkenes and alkynes.
It is the reaction between acids and bases to form salts.
Hydrogenation involves removing hydrogen from saturated compounds.
It leads to polymer degradation by heat or chemical means.
An electrophile is a chemical species that accepts electrons, often involved in addition reactions.
An electrophile donates electrons to other molecules.
They are neutral molecules that repel electronic species.
Electrophiles are substances that both donate and accept electrons.
A nucleophile donates electrons, often attacking electrophilic centers in reactions.
Nucleophiles accept electrons from electron-deficient centers.
They stabilize neighboring atoms by shielding.
A nucleophile is an inert substance in chemical reactions.
A classic example is the halogenation of alkanes, where radicals are formed and propagate the reaction.
Radical reactions include the baking of bread involving yeast.
In radical reactions, ions are more reactive than neutral species.
Boiling water forms water vapor through radical chain mechanisms.
An esterification reaction forms an ester, typically from an acid and an alcohol.
Saponification forms soaps from acids and bases.
Decarboxylation leads to the formation of organic acids.
Polymerization synthesizes fibers from monomers.
A condensation reaction involves two molecules combining with the loss of a small molecule, like water.
It is the process where compounds are broken down to gases.
Condensation leads to formation of an ionic compound.
Condensation polymerizes monomers without losing small molecules.
Reaction mechanisms detail the step-by-step process of a reaction, helping to understand how chemical transformations occur.
Mechanisms determine the states of matter for each reactant.
They solely describe temperature influences on reaction speeds.
Mechanisms explain only the energy changes during reactions.