Cofactors in Enzyme Action

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What is a cofactor?

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is required for an enzyme’s biological activity.

Distinguish between organic and inorganic cofactors.

Organic cofactors, also known as coenzymes, are organic molecules, while inorganic cofactors are metal ions or other inorganic compounds.

How do cofactors assist enzymes?

Cofactors help in stabilizing the enzyme-substrate complex and assist in the conversion of substrates to products.

Provide an example of a coenzyme.

An example of a coenzyme is NAD+, which acts as an electron carrier in redox reactions.

What role do metal ions play as cofactors?

Metal ions help stabilize enzyme structures and can participate directly in catalytic mechanisms.

What is an example of an inorganic cofactor?

An example of an inorganic cofactor is Mg²⁺, which is important for ATPase activity.

Why are cofactors considered essential for enzyme function?

Without cofactors, many enzymes would be inactive or less efficient in catalyzing reactions.

What is the difference between a cofactor and a prosthetic group?

Cofactors are loosely attached and can detach, while prosthetic groups are tightly bound to their enzymes.

How do vitamins relate to cofactors?

Many vitamins act as precursors to coenzymes, which are a type of cofactor.

What is the role of biotin as a cofactor?

Biotin acts as a cofactor for carboxylase enzymes, facilitating carboxylation reactions.

Explain the term 'enzyme activation.'

Enzyme activation is the process by which an enzyme gains the ability to catalyze a reaction, often involving cofactors.

Can cofactors be reused by enzymes?

Yes, cofactors are often reused in multiple enzymatic cycles, aiding reaction efficiency.

Describe the role of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).

TPP is a coenzyme that assists in decarboxylation and transketolation reactions.

How does folic acid relate to cofactors?

Folic acid is a precursor of the cofactor tetrahydrofolate, essential for nucleotide synthesis.

What is the function of coenzyme A?

Coenzyme A functions in acyl group transfer reactions, critical in metabolism.

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