Darwinism: Struggle for Existence and Natural Selection

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What is the struggle for existence according to Darwin?

It is the competition among living organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources.

How does natural selection lead to evolution?

Natural selection allows individuals with advantageous traits to survive and reproduce, passing these traits to the next generation.

What is meant by 'survival of the fittest'?

It describes the mechanism of natural selection where individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.

How do variations in a species contribute to natural selection?

Variations increase the chances that some individuals will possess traits better suited to the environment, thus enhancing their survival.

What role does the environment play in natural selection?

The environment determines which traits are beneficial, guiding the process of natural selection.

What evidence did Darwin present for natural selection?

Darwin observed finches in the Galápagos Islands, noting variations in beak shapes suited for different food sources.

Why is the concept of adaptation critical in natural selection?

Adaptation helps organisms become better suited to their environment, increasing their survival and reproduction chances.

Can artificial selection be considered natural selection?

Artificial selection is a form of selection practiced by humans; it differs from natural selection as it is intentional and not environmental.

How did Darwin's theories challenge the prevailing scientific views of his time?

Darwin's ideas of gradual evolution and natural selection contradicted the then-dominant belief in the fixed creation of species.

What is the importance of genetic variation in the struggle for existence?

Genetic variation provides the raw material for natural selection, enabling adaptation to changing environments.

How do mutation and sexual reproduction contribute to natural selection?

They create genetic diversity, which can result in beneficial traits that might be selected for over generations.

What is an example of a trait that enhances survival in a species?

Camouflage in animals like chameleons helps them avoid predators by blending in with their environment.

Can you name a modern example of natural selection at work?

The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a contemporary example of natural selection.

How does overpopulation influence the struggle for existence?

Overpopulation leads to competition for resources, intensifying the struggle for existence.

What did Darwin mean by 'descent with modification'?

It refers to the passing of traits from parent to offspring, with changes occurring over generations, leading to evolutionary change.