Male Reproductive Disorders

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What is erectile dysfunction and what are its common causes?

Erectile dysfunction is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection suitable for sexual intercourse. Common causes include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, stress, anxiety, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

Define benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its symptoms.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. Symptoms include difficulty urinating, a weak urinary stream, frequent urination, and incomplete bladder emptying.

What is testicular torsion and why is it an emergency condition?

Testicular torsion is the twisting of the spermatic cord, which cuts off blood supply to the testicle, causing sudden pain and swelling. It is a medical emergency due to the risk of losing the testicle if blood flow is not quickly restored.

Describe the condition known as prostatitis and its types.

Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland, and it can be acute, chronic bacterial, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, or asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. Symptoms vary from severe pain to no noticeable symptoms.

What are the risk factors for developing prostate cancer?

Risk factors for prostate cancer include age (over 50), family history, race (more common in African-American men), diet, and lifestyle factors.

How does varicocele affect male fertility?

Varicocele is an enlargement of veins within the scrotum, similar to varicose veins, and it can impair sperm production and function, leading to reduced fertility.

Explain the condition known as hypogonadism and its causes.

Hypogonadism is a condition where the body produces insufficient sex hormones, such as testosterone. Causes include genetic disorders, injury, or an imbalance in the endocrine system.

What is Peyronie’s disease and its symptoms?

Peyronie’s disease is a condition where fibrous scar tissue builds up inside the penis, causing curved, painful erections. Symptoms include a noticeable bend or curve in the erect penis, pain, and erectile dysfunction.

Describe the importance of lifestyle changes in managing male reproductive disorders.

Lifestyle changes, such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, quitting smoking, and reducing alcohol intake, can significantly improve symptoms of male reproductive disorders.

What diagnostic tools are used to detect prostate issues?

Common diagnostic tools include digital rectal exams (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests, ultrasounds, and biopsies. These help in identifying conditions like BPH and prostate cancer.

How does testicular cancer commonly present and what is the usual treatment protocol?

Testicular cancer often presents as a painless lump or swelling in the testicle. Treatment typically includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, depending on the stage.

Discuss how psychological factors can influence erectile dysfunction.

Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression can significantly impact erectile dysfunction by creating a cycle of anxiety around performance and arousal.

What are some non-surgical treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

Non-surgical treatments for BPH include medications such as alpha blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, and lifestyle modifications like bladder training and fluid management.

How is male infertility typically evaluated?

Male infertility is evaluated through semen analysis, hormone tests, genetic testing, and assessment of lifestyle and medical history.

Explain the role of testosterone therapy in treating male reproductive disorders.

Testosterone therapy is used to treat hypogonadism by supplementing low hormone levels, but it can have side effects and is not suitable for all conditions.

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