How did independence affect the social hierarchy in Latin America?
Independence often dismantled established colonial hierarchies, but significant social inequalities persisted, especially for indigenous and enslaved people.
What was the outcome of the Congress of Angostura?
The Congress of Angostura, held in 1819, resulted in the foundation of Gran Colombia, a republic including parts of modern-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.
What change did the independence movements bring to economies in Latin America?
Independence led to economic disruption, as many territories transitioned from colonial mercantile systems to uncertain free markets with new trade partners.