The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement in 16th-century Europe that aimed to reform the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant churches.
Who was Martin Luther and what was his role in the Reformation?
Martin Luther was a German monk whose 95 Theses criticized the Catholic Church, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
What are indulgences, and why did Luther oppose them?
Indulgences were payments made to the Catholic Church that promised reductions in punishment for sins. Luther opposed them as corrupt.
Who was John Calvin and what was his theological contribution?
John Calvin was a French theologian known for his role in the Reformation and his doctrine of predestination.
What was the Council of Trent?
The Council of Trent was a series of meetings held by the Catholic Church to address issues raised by the Reformation.
What role did the printing press play in the Reformation?
The printing press was crucial in spreading Reformation ideas quickly across Europe.
What was the Diet of Worms?
The Diet of Worms was an imperial council where Martin Luther was asked to recant his teachings.
How did the Reformation impact England?
The Reformation in England led to the creation of the Church of England, separate from Roman Catholicism.
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
The Peace of Augsburg was a 1555 treaty allowing German princes to choose Protestantism or Catholicism for their territories.
Who was Ulrich Zwingli and what was his role in the Reformation?
Ulrich Zwingli was a Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Switzerland.
What church practice did the Anabaptists oppose?
Anabaptists opposed infant baptism, advocating for adult baptism instead.
How did Queen Elizabeth I address religious conflict in England?
Queen Elizabeth I established the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, balancing Catholic and Protestant practices.
What is the significance of the Edict of Nantes?
The Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Huguenots in France, ending religious wars.
What role did Ignatius of Loyola play in religious reform?
Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), who became leading figures in the Counter-Reformation.
How did the Reformation influence European politics?
The Reformation altered political alliances and power structures by challenging the influence of the Church over state affairs.