A movement to centralize political power in Europe.
A religious movement in 16th-century Europe that aimed to reform the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant churches.
A series of military campaigns aimed at expanding the Holy Roman Empire.
A cultural renaissance centered on the arts and literature.
The first Protestant king of England.
A German monk whose 95 Theses criticized the Catholic Church, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
The pope who called for the Council of Trent.
A primary supporter of indulgences in the Catholic Church.
Indulgences were payments made to the Catholic Church that promised reductions in punishment for sins. Luther opposed them as corrupt.
Indulgences were religious books that offered spiritual guidance.
Indulgences were free permits for pilgrimage issued by the Church.
Indulgences were artifacts believed to have miraculous powers.
A German theologian who opposed Martin Luther.
John Calvin was a French theologian known for his role in the Reformation and his doctrine of predestination.
The founder of the Jesuit order.
A Catholic cardinal who defended papal authority.
A political alliance formed by Protestant nations.
The Council of Trent was a series of meetings held by the Catholic Church to address issues raised by the Reformation.
A group of reformers meeting to draft a new Bible version.
A peace treaty between Protestant and Catholic territories.
The printing press was crucial in spreading Reformation ideas quickly across Europe.
It was used by the Church to exclusively print and circulate Catholic doctrines.
It was primarily used to produce ornate religious art during the Reformation.
It helped centralize religious power by producing official Church decrees.
A Protestant rebellion against Catholic rulers.
A feast to celebrate religious unity.
A treaty to divide territories between Protestant and Catholic leaders.
The Diet of Worms was an imperial council where Martin Luther was asked to recant his teachings.
It resulted in England completely returning to Catholicism.
The Reformation in England led to the creation of the Church of England, separate from Roman Catholicism.
England remained completely unaffected by the Reformation.
It led to England aligning with the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Peace of Augsburg was a 1555 treaty allowing German princes to choose Protestantism or Catholicism for their territories.
A document declaring Lutheranism illegal across Europe.
An alliance between Protestant nations against the Catholic Church.
A decree insisting on mandatory religious unity in the Holy Roman Empire.
A Spanish philosopher who wrote against Protestantism.
An English diplomat advocating for Catholic reforms.
Ulrich Zwingli was a Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Switzerland.
A puritan leader in North America.
The use of Latin in church services.
Anabaptists opposed infant baptism, advocating for adult baptism instead.
Confession of sins to a priest.
Sunday worship services.
Queen Elizabeth I established the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, balancing Catholic and Protestant practices.
She outlawed all Protestant practices in favor of strict Catholic doctrine.
She supported the formation of a new orthodox Christian branch.
She issued a decree to remain neutral in religious matters.
The Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Huguenots in France, ending religious wars.
It banned Protestantism in France and affirmed Catholic dominance.
It was a nation-wide Catholic edict defining church decorum regulations.
A mandate for Protestant church restructuring across Europe.
He led the peace negotiations between Protestant and Catholic leaders.
Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), who became leading figures in the Counter-Reformation.
He was a Protestant rebel leader in Southern Europe.
He authored the doctrine of predestination.
It led to the large-scale adoption of monarchies across Europe.
The Reformation altered political alliances and power structures by challenging the influence of the Church over state affairs.
It resulted in widespread democratization of European nation-states.
It stabilized the political scene by eliminating religious conflict.