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What are the three main parts of the brain?
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The cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
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What is the primary function of the cerebrum?
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The cerebrum is responsible for higher brain functions, including thought, reasoning, memory, and voluntary movement.
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What role does the cerebellum play in the nervous system?
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The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech.
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Which structure connects the brain with the spinal cord?
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The brainstem.
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What are the three main components of the brainstem?
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The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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How does the medulla oblongata contribute to autonomic functions?
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It helps regulate vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.
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What is the primary role of the spinal cord?
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The spinal cord transmits nerve signals between the brain and the rest of the body and coordinates reflexes.
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What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
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The neuron.
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How do sensory neurons function?
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Sensory neurons transmit signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
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What is the role of motor neurons?
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Motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles and glands.
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What are interneurons and their function?
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Interneurons connect neurons within the central nervous system and integrate sensory input with motor output.
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How is a nerve impulse transmitted across a synapse?
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Through the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron, which cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
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What are the meninges, and why are they important?
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The meninges are protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater), providing support and protection.
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What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and provides nutrients to the central nervous system.
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there, and what is their general function?
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There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and they mainly manage the functions of the head and neck, including sensory and motor activities.
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What is the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
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The ANS regulates involuntary body functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
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What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
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How does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for action?
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By increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and releasing stored energy, it initiates the fight-or-flight response.
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What is the main effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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It promotes the rest-and-digest response, slowing the heart rate and increasing digestive activities.
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What is the blood-brain barrier and its function?
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The blood-brain barrier is a selective permeability barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances and pathogens in the bloodstream.
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