Atoms and Elements

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What is an atom?
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An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the identity of the substance. It consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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What is the atomic number?
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The atomic number, represented by 'Z', is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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What are the subatomic particles in an atom?
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Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?
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Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass: Neutrons = Atomic Mass - Atomic Number.
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What is the octet rule?
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The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their valence shell.
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What is valency?
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Valency is the number of atoms an element can gain, lose, or share to be stable.
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What is the symbol for the atomic number?
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Z
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What is the mass number or nucleon number?
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It's the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
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How is valency determined for an element like carbon?
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Carbon has 4 electrons in the second shell and can gain or lose 4 electrons to be stable.
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What is a pure element?
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It is made of only one type of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
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Give an example of a compound.
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Water (H2O) or salt (NaCl).
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What are the differences between mixtures and compounds?
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Mixtures are physically combined and have varying ratios, while compounds are chemically bonded and have fixed ratios.
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What is a homogeneous mixture?
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A mixture with uniform composition throughout, like a solution.
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What are isotopes?
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Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
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How are elements organized in the periodic table?
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By increasing atomic number, and they are grouped by similar properties.
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