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What is cellular signal transduction?
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Cellular signal transduction is the process by which cells respond to extracellular signals and translate them into a response.
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What roles do enzymes play in signal transduction pathways?
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Enzymes act as catalysts in signal transduction pathways, facilitating the conversion and amplification of signals.
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What is a ligand in the context of cellular signaling?
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A ligand is a molecule that binds to a specific receptor on a cell to initiate signal transduction and elicit a response.
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How do G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) facilitate signal transduction?
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GPCRs facilitate signal transduction by binding ligands, activating G proteins, and initiating downstream signaling pathways.
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What is the role of second messengers in signal transduction?
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Second messengers relay signals from receptors to target molecules inside the cell, amplifying and distributing the signal.
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What occurs during signal amplification in signal transduction?
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Signal amplification involves the activation of multiple molecules by a single signaling event, leading to a stronger cellular response.
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How does phosphorylation affect protein function in signal transduction?
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Phosphorylation alters protein activity, typically activating or deactivating enzymes and receptors in signal transduction pathways.
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What is the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?
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Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell targets itself, while paracrine signaling involves targeting nearby cells.
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What is the MAPK/ERK pathway, and why is it important?
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The MAPK/ERK pathway is a key signaling cascade involved in cell division, differentiation, and growth regulation.
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How do ion channel-linked receptors work in cellular signaling?
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Ion channel-linked receptors open or close ion channels in response to ligand binding, altering cellular excitability.
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What role does cAMP play as a second messenger in signal transduction?
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cAMP acts as a second messenger, transmitting signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular targets and causing cellular responses.
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What is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), and how does it function?
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RTK is a type of receptor that, upon ligand binding, activates its tyrosine kinase activity to initiate signaling cascades.
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How does feedback regulation occur in signal transduction?
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Feedback regulation involves mechanisms that increase or decrease the output of a signaling pathway, maintaining balance.
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What is signal specificity, and how is it achieved in signal transduction?
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Signal specificity ensures that signaling pathways induce precise responses, achieved through specific receptor-ligand interactions and cellular context.
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In signal transduction, what roles do scaffolding proteins play?
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Scaffolding proteins organize and assemble signaling proteins into complexes, enhancing the efficiency and specificity of the pathway.
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