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What is chromatography used for in chemical analysis?
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Chromatography is used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture based on differential partitioning between stationary and mobile phases.
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How does gas chromatography (GC) separate compounds?
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GC separates compounds by volatilizing them and passing them through a column where they partition between a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase.
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What role does the stationary phase play in liquid chromatography (LC)?
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In LC, the stationary phase interacts with sample components, exerting different affinities that affect separation during passage with a liquid mobile phase.
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What is the principle of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)?
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HPLC uses high pressure to push solvents and samples through a tightly packed column, providing efficient separation of components based on interactions with the stationary phase.
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What factors influence retention time in chromatography?
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Factors such as column temperature, mobile phase flow rate, stationary phase properties, and compound properties influence retention time in chromatography.
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How does size-exclusion chromatography separate molecules?
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Size-exclusion chromatography separates molecules based on their size, as larger molecules elute faster due to lower affinity for the porous stationary phase.
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What types of detectors are used in GC?
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Common GC detectors include Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), and Mass Spectrometers (MS).
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Why is it important to use an inert carrier gas in GC?
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An inert carrier gas prevents interactions with the sample and ensures reliable separation by eliminating unwanted reactions or interference.
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How does reverse-phase chromatography differ from normal phase?
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Reverse-phase chromatography uses a non-polar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase, opposite to normal phase's polar stationary and non-polar mobile phase configuration.
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What is the function of a mobile phase in chromatography?
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The mobile phase serves to transport analytes through the column, facilitating interaction with the stationary phase and separation based on affinity differences.
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How is ion-exchange chromatography used to separate charged molecules?
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Ion-exchange chromatography separates charged molecules by exploiting their affinity to oppositely charged stationary phase materials.
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What is the purpose of gradient elution in liquid chromatography?
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Gradient elution is used to optimize separation by gradually changing the mobile phase composition to increase resolution and reduce analysis time.
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Why is TLC (Thin-Layer Chromatography) useful for quick analysis?
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TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive method for initial sample analysis, providing qualitative data and aiding in monitoring synthesis or purity.
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What are chiral stationary phases used for in chromatography?
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Chiral stationary phases are used to separate enantiomers, compounds that are mirror images and require chiral binding sites for effective separation.
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How does Flame Ionization Detection (FID) work in GC?
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FID works by detecting ions formed from combustion of organic compounds in a hydrogen flame, providing a signal proportional to the number of carbon atoms.
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