Cofactors in Enzyme Action

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What is a cofactor?
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A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is required for an enzyme’s biological activity.
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Distinguish between organic and inorganic cofactors.
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Organic cofactors, also known as coenzymes, are organic molecules, while inorganic cofactors are metal ions or other inorganic compounds.
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How do cofactors assist enzymes?
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Cofactors help in stabilizing the enzyme-substrate complex and assist in the conversion of substrates to products.
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Provide an example of a coenzyme.
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An example of a coenzyme is NAD+, which acts as an electron carrier in redox reactions.
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What role do metal ions play as cofactors?
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Metal ions help stabilize enzyme structures and can participate directly in catalytic mechanisms.
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What is an example of an inorganic cofactor?
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An example of an inorganic cofactor is Mg²⁺, which is important for ATPase activity.
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Why are cofactors considered essential for enzyme function?
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Without cofactors, many enzymes would be inactive or less efficient in catalyzing reactions.
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What is the difference between a cofactor and a prosthetic group?
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Cofactors are loosely attached and can detach, while prosthetic groups are tightly bound to their enzymes.
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How do vitamins relate to cofactors?
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Many vitamins act as precursors to coenzymes, which are a type of cofactor.
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What is the role of biotin as a cofactor?
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Biotin acts as a cofactor for carboxylase enzymes, facilitating carboxylation reactions.
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Explain the term 'enzyme activation.'
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Enzyme activation is the process by which an enzyme gains the ability to catalyze a reaction, often involving cofactors.
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Can cofactors be reused by enzymes?
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Yes, cofactors are often reused in multiple enzymatic cycles, aiding reaction efficiency.
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Describe the role of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
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TPP is a coenzyme that assists in decarboxylation and transketolation reactions.
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How does folic acid relate to cofactors?
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Folic acid is a precursor of the cofactor tetrahydrofolate, essential for nucleotide synthesis.
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What is the function of coenzyme A?
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Coenzyme A functions in acyl group transfer reactions, critical in metabolism.
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