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What are colligative properties?
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Colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend on the number of solute particles rather than the type or nature of the solute.
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Name four main colligative properties.
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The four main colligative properties are vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure.
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How does vapor pressure lowering occur?
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Vapor pressure lowering occurs because the solute particles occupy space at the liquid surface, reducing the number of solvent molecules that can escape into the vapor phase.
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What is the formula for vapor pressure lowering?
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The formula for vapor pressure lowering is ΔP = X_solute * P^0_solvent, where X_solute is the mole fraction of the solute and P^0_solvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
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Define freezing point depression.
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Freezing point depression is the phenomenon where the freezing point of a solution is lower than that of a pure solvent, due to the presence of solute particles.
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What is the equation for freezing point depression?
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The equation for freezing point depression is ΔT_f = i * K_f * m, where ΔT_f is the freezing point depression, i is the van’t Hoff factor, K_f is the freezing point depression constant, and m is the molality of the solution.
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Describe boiling point elevation and its cause.
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Boiling point elevation occurs when a solution's boiling point is higher than the pure solvent's due to solute particles, which require a higher temperature to reach the vapor phase equilibrium.
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What is the formula for calculating boiling point elevation?
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The formula for boiling point elevation is ΔT_b = i * K_b * m, where ΔT_b is the boiling point elevation, i is the van’t Hoff factor, K_b is the ebullioscopic constant, and m is the molality of the solution.
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Explain osmotic pressure in the context of colligative properties.
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Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop the flow of solvent into a solution through a semipermeable membrane, driven by solute concentration.
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What equation is used to determine osmotic pressure?
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The equation for osmotic pressure is 𝜋 = i * M * R * T, where 𝜋 is the osmotic pressure, i is the van’t Hoff factor, M is the molarity, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
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Why do colligative properties not depend on the identity of a solute?
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Colligative properties depend only on the number of solute particles in a solution, not on their chemical identity, because the impact they have is purely physical (based on concentration).
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In what way does vapor pressure lowering affect boiling point?
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Vapor pressure lowering raises the boiling point since a higher temperature is needed for the solution’s vapor pressure to match atmospheric pressure.
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How do non-volatile solutes affect colligative properties?
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Non-volatile solutes affect colligative properties by reducing vapor pressure, causing boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and increasing osmotic pressure.
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Can colligative properties be used to determine molar mass?
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Yes, colligative properties can be used to determine molar mass by measuring changes in boiling/freezing points or osmotic pressure and using related equations to calculate molar mass.
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What is the van’t Hoff factor and its significance in colligative properties?
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The van’t Hoff factor (i) represents the number of particles a solute forms in solution, directly affecting the extent of colligative properties.
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