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What is experimental design?
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Experimental design is a plan for conducting experiments to test hypotheses, ensuring that meaningful and valid results can be obtained.
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What are independent and dependent variables in an experiment?
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Independent variables are those manipulated to observe their effect, while dependent variables are those that are measured in response to changes in the independent variables.
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Why is random assignment important in experimental design?
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Random assignment helps ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group, reducing bias and improving the reliability of results.
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What is a control group in an experiment?
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A control group is the group in an experimental study that does not receive the experimental treatment, used as a baseline to compare with the experimental group.
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What is a double-blind study, and why is it used?
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A double-blind study is one in which neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment, reducing bias in the results.
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What is random error, and how does it differ from systematic error?
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Random errors occur unpredictably and affect measurement precision, while systematic errors are consistent and affect accuracy.
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What is the purpose of replication in experimental design?
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Replication confirms the reliability of experimental results by repeating the study under the same conditions.
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Describe a factorial design in experiments.
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A factorial design involves testing two or more independent variables across various combinations to study their effect simultaneously.
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What is the main limitation of case studies in experimental design?
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Case studies often lack generalizability, as they focus on the detailed examination of a single subject or event.
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Define internal validity in the context of experimental research.
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Internal validity refers to the extent to which an experiment establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
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What is the Hawthorne Effect?
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The Hawthorne Effect is where subjects modify their behavior because they are aware they are being observed.
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Explain the difference between correlation and causation in experiments.
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Correlation indicates a relationship between two variables, while causation shows that one variable directly affects the other.
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What is an experimental bias, and how can it be minimized?
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Experimental bias is a distortion of results due to unintended influences by the researcher, which can be minimized through blind setups and standardized procedures.
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What role do hypotheses play in experimental design?
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Hypotheses provide a statement or prediction that guides the experiment, serving as a foundation for testing and analysis.
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How does a hypothesis differ from a theory in experimental science?
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A hypothesis is a testable prediction, while a theory is a well-substantiated explanation based on a body of evidence.
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