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How does increasing the temperature affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
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Increasing the temperature generally increases the rate of a chemical reaction because it increases the kinetic energy of the molecules, leading to more frequent and energetic collisions.
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What effect does decreasing temperature have on the rate of a reaction?
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Decreasing the temperature generally slows down the rate of a reaction because it reduces the kinetic energy of the molecules, resulting in fewer collisions.
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Explain how pressure influences the rate of reaction in reactions involving gases.
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Increasing the pressure in reactions involving gases increases the concentration of gas molecules, leading to more collisions and a faster reaction rate.
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Does changing pressure significantly affect the rate of reactions occurring in solids or liquids? Why or why not?
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No, changing pressure does not significantly affect reactions in solids or liquids because the molecules are already closely packed, so pressure changes have little effect on their concentration.
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What is the main role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
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A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy without being consumed in the process.
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True or False: Catalysts are always consumed in a reaction. Why?
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False. Catalysts are not consumed in a reaction; they are regenerated at the end of the process and can be used repeatedly.
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Describe homogeneous catalysis.
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In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst and reactants are in the same phase, typically liquid or gas.
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Describe heterogeneous catalysis.
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In heterogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants, typically a solid catalyst with gaseous or liquid reactants.
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What is general corrosion, and how does it occur?
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General corrosion occurs uniformly across the surface of a material, often due to reaction with oxygen and moisture in the environment, leading to oxidation.
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What is galvanic corrosion?
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Galvanic corrosion occurs when two different metals are electrically connected in a corrosive environment, causing the less noble metal to corrode faster.
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Explain pitting corrosion.
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Pitting corrosion leads to small, localized areas of metal loss due to breakdown in the protective oxide layer, often in chloride-rich environments.
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What factors can accelerate the rate of corrosion?
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Factors that can accelerate corrosion include increased temperature, high humidity, presence of salts or pollutants, and increased oxygen concentration.
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How does increasing the concentration of corrosive agents like salt affect the rate of corrosion?
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Increasing the concentration of corrosive agents like salt can enhance ionic conductivity and accelerate the rate of corrosion.
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What role does oxygen play in corrosion?
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Oxygen is often involved in corrosion reactions, such as in the rusting of iron, where it combines with iron and water to form iron oxide.
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How does the presence of water influence corrosion?
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Water acts as an electrolyte that facilitates the movement of ions, thus aiding in the corrosion process, especially in metals like iron.
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What is passivation, and how does it prevent corrosion?
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Passivation is the formation of a protective oxide layer on metals that reduces their reactivity and thus prevents or slows down corrosion.
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What effect does increasing surface area have on reaction rate?
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Increasing the surface area of a reactant increases the reaction rate because it provides more area for collisions to occur between reactant molecules.
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Why is aluminum less prone to corrosion compared to iron?
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Aluminum forms a stable, protective oxide layer that prevents further corrosion, whereas iron forms rust which is not protective.
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What is the collision theory?
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Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy and the correct orientation.
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Why does increasing concentration increase the rate of reaction?
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Increasing concentration increases the number of reactant particles per unit volume, leading to more frequent collisions and a higher reaction rate.
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