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What are the primary components of the immune system?
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The primary components are white blood cells (leukocytes), lymphoid organs (such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus), and antibodies.
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Define innate immunity.
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Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense and provides a rapid, non-specific response to pathogens.
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What is acquired immunity?
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Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is a specific immune response developed after exposure to a particular pathogen.
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How do vaccines work within the immune system?
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Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce a response and memory against specific pathogens without causing disease.
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What role do B cells play in immune response?
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B cells produce antibodies that are specific to antigens, helping to neutralize pathogens or mark them for destruction.
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Explain the function of T cells.
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T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, recognizing and destroying infected or cancerous cells and assisting other immune cells.
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Describe the role of macrophages in the immune response.
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Macrophages are phagocytes that ingest and destroy pathogens and present antigens to T cells, aiding in the immune response.
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What is the difference between a primary and secondary immune response?
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The primary immune response occurs on first exposure to a pathogen, whereas a secondary response is quicker and stronger due to immunological memory.
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What is an antigen?
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An antigen is a foreign substance that induces an immune response, especially the production of antibodies.
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How does the complement system assist the immune response?
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The complement system enhances immune responses by marking pathogens for destruction and facilitating the inflammatory process.
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What is the role of memory cells in immunity?
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Memory cells remain in the body after an infection has cleared, providing a rapid immune response upon subsequent exposures to the antigen.
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How do helper T cells support the immune response?
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Helper T cells activate other immune cells, including B cells to produce antibodies and cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells.
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What signals the start of an inflammatory response?
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An inflammatory response begins when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause, releasing chemicals that cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues.
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What is immunological tolerance?
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Immunological tolerance is the immune system's ability to recognize self-produced antigens as non-threatening, preventing autoimmune diseases.
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How do antibodies neutralize pathogens?
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Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens, neutralizing them directly or marking them for destruction by immune cells.
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