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What is a stress-strain curve?
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A stress-strain curve is a graph that shows the relationship between stress and strain for a material, depicting how it reacts to external forces.
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Describe the process of tensile testing.
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Tensile testing involves applying a controlled axial load to a material specimen until it fails to determine the material's mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation.
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What does a material's toughness indicate?
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Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. It is a measure of how much energy a material can absorb before breaking.
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How is hardness measured?
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Hardness is often measured by indentation tests, where a hard indenter is pressed into the surface of a material to determine resistance to deformation (e.g., Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell tests).
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What is fatigue in materials?
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Fatigue is the weakening or failure of a material caused by cyclic loading, leading to the formation of cracks and eventual breakage over time.
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Define the term 'creep' in material science.
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Creep is the slow, progressive deformation of a material under constant stress over time, typically at high temperature.
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What is 'fracture toughness'?
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Fracture toughness is a property that describes a material's ability to resist crack propagation. It quantifies the fracture resistance of a material in the presence of flaws.
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Explain what an impact test measures.
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An impact test determines a material's ability to absorb energy at high deformation rates, indicating its toughness and notch sensitivity (e.g., Charpy, Izod tests).
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Why is the microstructure of a material important?
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The microstructure of a material, which includes elements such as grain size and phase distribution, greatly affects its mechanical properties and suitability for various applications.
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Describe the term 'anisotropy' in materials.
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Anisotropy refers to the direction dependency of a material's properties, meaning properties vary based on the direction of measurement.
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What is the significance of the elastic modulus?
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The elastic modulus quantifies a material's elasticity or stiffness, indicating how much it will stretch or compress under a given stress within its elastic limit.
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How does work hardening occur?
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Work hardening, or strain hardening, occurs when a metal is deformed plastically, increasing dislocation density that strengthens the material by impeding further dislocation motion.
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What is thermal expansion in materials?
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Thermal expansion is the tendency of a material to change shape, area, or volume in response to a change in temperature.
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Define ‘isotropy’ as it pertains to materials.
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Isotropy refers to the uniformity of material properties in all directions, meaning the properties do not depend on the direction of measurement.
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What role do defects play in the properties of materials?
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Defects, like vacancies, dislocations, and impurities, can significantly affect the mechanical and physical properties of a material, often serving as stress concentrators or altering conductivity and strength.
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