Matter (Particles and Kinetic Theory)

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What are the three primary states of matter?
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Solid, liquid, and gas.
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What is the key characteristic of particles in a solid state?
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Particles in a solid are closely packed and vibrate in fixed positions.
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How do particles behave in a liquid state?
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Particles in a liquid are close together but can move past one another.
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Describe the movement of particles in a gaseous state.
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Particles in a gas move rapidly and are far apart, filling the container they're in.
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What does the kinetic molecular theory explain?
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It explains the behavior of particles in different states of matter based on kinetic energy.
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How does temperature affect particle movement according to the kinetic molecular theory?
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As temperature increases, particle movement and thus kinetic energy increase.
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Define the particle theory of matter.
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Matter is made up of tiny, constantly moving particles.
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What evidence supports the particle theory of matter?
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Diffusion and the Brownian motion are evidence of the particle theory.
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What happens during the melting process at the particle level?
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Particles gain energy and begin to move out of their fixed positions in a solid.
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What occurs during freezing at the particle level?
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Particles lose energy and move closer together to form a fixed structure.
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Explain sublimation.
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Sublimation is the process where a solid changes directly into a gas without becoming liquid.
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What is deposition in the context of changes of state?
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Deposition is the change from a gas directly to a solid without becoming liquid.
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How does boiling differ from evaporation?
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Boiling occurs throughout the liquid at a specific temperature, while evaporation happens at the surface at any temperature.
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What is condensation and when does it occur?
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Condensation is the process of a gas changing into a liquid, occurring when gas particles lose energy.
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Why does ice float on water?
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Ice is less dense than water because the arrangement of water molecules in ice is more spread out.
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In terms of kinetic energy, what is significant about the melting point?
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The melting point is where a substance's particles have enough kinetic energy to overcome their fixed positions.
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How are pressure and particle collision related in gases?
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Higher pressure results from more frequent collisions of gas particles against container walls.
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What happens to the particles of a substance as it absorbs heat?
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Particles gain kinetic energy and move more rapidly.
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What role do intermolecular forces play in changes of state?
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Intermolecular forces need to be overcome for a substance to change from solid to liquid or liquid to gas.
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How do you define a phase change in matter?
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A phase change is a transition between solid, liquid, or gas states of a substance without changing its chemical composition.
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