Muscle Physiology

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What are the three main types of muscle tissue in the human body?
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Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
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What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?
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To produce voluntary movements of the body.
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What is the role of the sarcomere in muscle contraction?
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The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber; it shortens during contraction.
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How do actin and myosin interact during muscle contraction?
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Myosin heads bind to actin filaments and pull them, causing the sarcomere to shorten.
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What molecule is essential for muscle contraction to occur?
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
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What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?
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Calcium binds to troponin, causing a shift in tropomyosin to expose binding sites on actin for myosin.
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What are the primary energy sources for muscle activity?
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ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen.
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How is ATP regenerated in skeletal muscles?
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Through creatine phosphate breakdown, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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What is the function of the neuromuscular junction?
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To transmit nerve impulses from motor neurons to muscle fibers to initiate contraction.
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What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
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Acetylcholine.
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Describe muscle hypertrophy.
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It is the increase in muscle size due to enlargement of existing muscle fibers.
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What causes muscle atrophy?
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A decrease in muscle size caused by disuse, aging, or disease.
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How does endurance exercise affect muscle physiology?
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It increases the oxidative capacity and efficiency of muscle fibers.
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How does resistance training affect muscle physiology?
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It leads to muscle hypertrophy and increased strength.
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What is the sliding filament theory?
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A model explaining how myosin filaments slide past actin filaments to produce contraction.
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What is the role of the motor unit in muscle contraction?
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A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates, working together to produce a contraction.
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What happens to muscle fibers during anaerobic exercise?
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They rely on glycolysis for ATP production, leading to lactic acid accumulation and muscle fatigue.
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What changes occur in muscle capillaries as a result of aerobic training?
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There is an increase in the number and network of capillaries, improving oxygen and nutrient delivery.
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How does muscle fiber type affect athletic performance?
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Fast-twitch fibers support activities requiring power and speed, while slow-twitch fibers support endurance.
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What is the function of creatine phosphate in muscle activity?
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To rapidly donate a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP during short, intense exercise.
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