Periodic Trends

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What are periodic trends?
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Periodic trends are patterns in the periodic table that show the variations in certain elemental properties across periods and groups.
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How does atomic radius change across a period?
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Atomic radius generally decreases across a period from left to right due to increased nuclear charge pulling electrons closer.
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What is the trend in atomic radius down a group?
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Atomic radius generally increases down a group because of the addition of electron shells.
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How does ionization energy change across a period?
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Ionization energy generally increases across a period from left to right as atoms hold electrons more tightly.
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What happens to ionization energy down a group?
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Ionization energy generally decreases down a group since outer electrons are farther from the nucleus and more shielded.
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What is electronegativity?
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Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond.
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Describe the trend of electronegativity across a period.
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Electronegativity generally increases across a period from left to right.
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What is the trend in electronegativity down a group?
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Electronegativity generally decreases down a group.
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Define electron affinity.
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Electron affinity is the change in energy when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion.
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What is the trend of electron affinity across a period?
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Electron affinity increases across a period, with some exceptions, due to stronger attraction to the nucleus.
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How does electron affinity change down a group?
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Electron affinity generally decreases down a group, although there are some exceptions based on specific elements.
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What is the trend of metallic character across a period?
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Metallic character decreases across a period from left to right as elements become more non-metallic.
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How does metallic character change down a group?
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Metallic character increases down a group as atoms more readily lose electrons.
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Explain the trend of reactivity in alkali metals.
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Reactivity increases down the group for alkali metals as ionization energy decreases.
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Describe the trend in reactivity among the halogens.
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Reactivity decreases down the group for halogens since higher atomic radii reduce the attraction for additional electrons.
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