Photosynthesis and Transport

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What is the purpose of photosynthesis in plants?
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Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen as byproducts.
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Explain the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis.
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The light-dependent reactions convert solar energy into chemical energy, producing ATP and NADPH.
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Describe the Calvin cycle.
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The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.
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What role do chlorophyll pigments play in photosynthesis?
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Chlorophyll pigments absorb light, predominantly from the blue and red wavelengths, facilitating photosynthesis.
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What is transpiration in plants?
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Transpiration is the process of water movement through plants and its evaporation from aerial parts, mainly leaves.
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How do guard cells regulate transpiration?
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Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata, thereby regulating the rate of transpiration.
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What is the function of the phloem sieve plates?
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Phloem sieve plates facilitate the flow of nutrients and sugars between phloem cells.
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Explain photoperiodism in plants.
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Photoperiodism is the physiological response of plants to the length of day or night, influencing flowering and other critical processes.
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Describe the stages of seed germination.
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Seed germination involves imbibition, embryo swelling, radicle emergence, and subsequent seedling growth.
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Why is C4 photosynthesis advantageous in certain environments?
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C4 photosynthesis enhances water use efficiency and reduces photorespiration, benefiting plants in hot, dry environments.
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How does CAM photosynthesis differ from C3 and C4 methods?
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CAM photosynthesis involves opening stomata at night to reduce water loss in arid environments.
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What is the significance of root pressure in water transport?
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Root pressure assists in the upward movement of water within the xylem during periods of low transpiration.
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What causes the cohesion-tension theory to facilitate water movement in plants?
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The cohesion-tension theory involves water molecule cohesion and evaporation-induced tension pulling water up the xylem.
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How do plants adapt to high-salinity environments?
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Plants in high-salinity environments adapt through salt exclusion, excretion, compartmentalization, and osmotic balance.
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What is the role of the palisade and spongy mesophyll?
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Palisade mesophyll aids in photosynthesis with tightly packed chloroplasts; spongy mesophyll facilitates gas exchange with air spaces.
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