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What are plant hormones?
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Plant hormones are chemical substances that regulate the growth and development of plants.
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Name the five major types of plant hormones.
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The five major types of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid.
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What role do auxins play in plants?
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Auxins promote cell elongation, root formation, and differentiating xylem and phloem tissues.
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How do gibberellins affect plant growth?
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Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering.
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What is the main function of cytokinins in plants?
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Cytokinins promote cell division and delay leaf senescence.
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Which plant hormone is responsible for fruit ripening?
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Ethylene is responsible for fruit ripening and some aspects of plant aging.
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How does abscisic acid affect plants under stress?
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Abscisic acid helps plants respond to stress by closing stomata and inducing dormancy during unfavorable conditions.
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Describe the interaction between auxins and cytokinins in plant tissue cultures.
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Auxins and cytokinins balance cell differentiation and growth; a higher auxin-to-cytokinin ratio promotes rooting, whereas the inverse ratio promotes shoot formation.
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What are the effects of ethylene exposure on seedling growth?
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Ethylene exposure can lead to the 'triple response' in seedlings: inhibited stem elongation, thickening of the stem, and horizontal growth.
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Why is gibberellin often used in agriculture for fruit production?
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Gibberellins are used to enhance fruit size and quality and to promote seedless fruit development through parthenocarpy.
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What role do cytokinins play in leaf senescence?
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Cytokinins delay leaf senescence by maintaining chlorophyll and protein levels, keeping leaves green and functional longer.
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How does abscisic acid influence seed germination?
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Abscisic acid inhibits seed germination by maintaining seed dormancy, ensuring germination occurs only under favorable conditions.
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What is the significance of ethylene in plant responses to stress?
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Ethylene is involved in various stress responses, including promoting leaf abscission and defense against pathogens.
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How do auxins contribute to the tropic responses of plants?
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Auxins regulate plant growth towards light (phototropism) and against gravity (gravitropism) by uneven distribution in plant tissues.
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What is a practical application of cytokinins in agriculture?
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Cytokinins are applied to promote shoot development and delay leaf aging in crops, enhancing yield and shelf-life.
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