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What is population genetics?
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Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations and involves the examination of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles over time.
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
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The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.
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Name the five main conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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The conditions are: no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, and no gene flow.
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What is genetic drift?
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Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that leads to random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small populations.
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How does gene flow affect a population's genetics?
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Gene flow, or migration, introduces new alleles into a population, increasing genetic variation and potentially altering allele frequencies.
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Define the term 'bottleneck effect.'
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The bottleneck effect occurs when a population's size is significantly reduced for at least one generation, leading to a loss of genetic diversity.
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What is the founder effect?
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The founder effect is when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals, leading to a reduced genetic diversity from the original population.
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Explain genetic variation in populations.
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Genetic variation refers to the diversity in gene frequencies, and it's crucial for a population's ability to adapt and survive environmental changes.
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What is an allele frequency?
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Allele frequency is the relative proportion of an allele at a particular gene locus in a population.
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What does 'fixation index' (Fst) measure in population genetics?
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The fixation index (Fst) measures genetic differentiation among populations by comparing genetic variance among them.
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How can mutations impact population genetics?
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Mutations introduce new genetic variations into a population, providing the raw material for evolution and adaptation.
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Differentiate between directional and stabilizing selection in population genetics.
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Directional selection favors one extreme trait over others, while stabilizing selection favors average traits, reducing variation.
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What role does non-random mating play in population genetics?
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Non-random mating affects genotype frequencies by increasing homozygosity or heterozygosity, depending on the type (positive or negative assortative mating).
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Why is population genetics important in conservation biology?
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Population genetics helps identify genetic diversity levels, guiding conservation efforts to maintain or enhance diversity and adaptability.
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Describe the concept of heterozygosity in population genetics.
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Heterozygosity is the presence of different alleles at a gene locus for an individual, reflecting genetic variation within a population.
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