Reproduction and Growth in Plants

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What are the main stages of the plant life cycle?
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The main stages are sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) phases, alternating through haploid spores and gametes.
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How do angiosperms reproduce sexually?
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Angiosperms reproduce through pollination, where pollen is transferred to the stigma, followed by fertilization in the ovule.
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What is the role of apical meristems in plant growth?
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Apical meristems create new cells for primary growth, extending shoots and roots.
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Describe vegetative propagation in plants.
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Vegetative propagation is asexual reproduction through structures like stems, roots, and leaves, producing clones of the parent plant.
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What is phototropism, and why is it important?
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Phototropism is a plant's growth response toward or away from light, optimizing photosynthetic efficiency.
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How do hormones affect plant growth and development?
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Plant hormones, like auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins, regulate processes such as cell division, elongation, and differentiation.
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What is the significance of dormancy in seeds?
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Dormancy prevents seed germination until conditions are optimal for survival and growth.
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Explain what a rhizome is and its function in plant growth.
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A rhizome is an underground stem that stores nutrients and aids in vegetative reproduction and perennation.
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What are the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
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Gymnosperms have naked seeds, while angiosperms have seeds enclosed in fruit; angiosperms also have flowers.
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Describe the function of lateral meristems in plants.
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Lateral meristems cause secondary growth, increasing stem girth or thickness.
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What is the purpose of plant pollination?
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Pollination facilitates the transfer of pollen to enable fertilization, leading to seed and fruit production.
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What adaptations do plants have for wind pollination?
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Wind-pollinated plants often have small, inconspicuous flowers with long stamens and stigmas that catch pollen.
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What distinguishes self-pollination from cross-pollination?
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Self-pollination involves pollen transfer within the same plant, while cross-pollination occurs between different plants of the same species.
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What role do fruits play in plant reproduction?
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Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal to new locations for germination.
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How do plants adapt to arid environments for growth?
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Plants adapt by reducing leaf size, developing thick cuticles, storing water, and opening stomata at night.
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