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What are the main types of pancreatic enzymes?
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The main types of pancreatic enzymes are amylase, lipase, and proteases (including trypsin and chymotrypsin).
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How does amylase function in digestion?
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Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars like maltose and glucose, facilitating easier absorption in the intestines.
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What role does lipase play in the body?
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Lipase aids in breaking down dietary fats into fatty acids and glycerol, which can be absorbed by the intestines.
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Which pancreatic enzymes are involved in protein digestion?
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The pancreatic enzymes involved in protein digestion are trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.
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How does the pancreas regulate enzyme activation?
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The pancreas produces enzymes in inactive forms and secretes them into the small intestine, where they are activated to prevent autodigestion.
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What is the role of bicarbonates in pancreatic function?
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Bicarbonates neutralize stomach acids in the small intestine, creating an optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes to function properly.
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How do pancreatic enzymes enter the digestive tract?
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Pancreatic enzymes enter the digestive tract through the pancreatic duct, which merges with the common bile duct to release contents into the small intestine.
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What is the role of trypsin in digestion?
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Trypsin cleaves peptide bonds, breaking down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, and activates other enzymes.
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Why is enzyme supplementation necessary in pancreatic insufficiency?
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In pancreatic insufficiency, the pancreas doesn't produce enough enzymes, so supplements are given to aid digestion and nutrient absorption.
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How does chymotrypsin differ from trypsin?
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Chymotrypsin prefers aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine and tyrosine, while trypsin preferentially cleaves basic amino acids such as arginine and lysine.
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What is the consequence of deficient lipase production?
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Deficient lipase leads to malabsorption of fats, causing symptoms like steatorrhea, weight loss, and deficiency in fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).
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What stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes?
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The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), released by the small intestine, stimulates the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes.
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How do proteolytic enzymes avoid digesting the pancreas itself?
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Proteolytic enzymes are produced as inactive precursors. They're activated in the intestine, preventing self-digestion of pancreatic tissue.
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What happens to enzyme secretion during pancreatitis?
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During pancreatitis, inflammation inhibits enzyme secretion, leading to digestive issues and potentially activating enzymes within the pancreas.
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Why is the enteropeptidase enzyme important?
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Enteropeptidase activates trypsinogen to trypsin in the small intestine, initiating the cascade of protein digestion.
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