Understanding pH and Indicators

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What is the logarithmic formula for pH?
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pH = -log[H⁺], where [H⁺] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in mol/L.
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Why is lemon juice acidic?
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Lemon juice contains citric acid, which increases the concentration of hydrogen ions.
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What role do buffers play in maintaining pH?
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Buffers resist changes in pH by neutralizing added acids or bases.
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What is the pH range for most biological fluids?
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Most biological fluids have pH ranges from 6 to 8.
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Name a common natural pH indicator.
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Red cabbage juice is a common natural pH indicator.
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What is the bromothymol blue color change from acid to base?
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Bromothymol blue changes from yellow in acidic conditions to blue in basic conditions.
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What is the endpoint in a titration?
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The endpoint is when the indicator changes color, signaling that the titration is complete.
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Why are universal indicators useful?
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Universal indicators provide a full range of color changes over the entire pH scale, indicating the acidity or basicity of a solution.
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What color does phenolphthalein turn in a basic solution?
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Phenolphthalein turns pink in a basic solution.
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How can pH be measured digitally?
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pH can be measured using a pH meter.
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What happens to pH when a base is added to an acidic solution?
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The pH increases as the acidic solution becomes less acidic.
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Why do weak acids only partially dissociate in water?
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Weak acids only partially dissociate due to the existence of equilibrium, favoring the undissociated form.
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How does temperature affect pH?
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Temperature can affect pH measurements; generally, increased temperature can decrease the pH of a neutral water solution.
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What is the effect of dilution on the pH of a strong acid?
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Dilution of a strong acid increases its pH, making it less acidic.
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What is a common use of acids in the food industry?
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Acids like citric acid are used as preservatives and to add tartness to foods.
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