Flashcards on Basic Laws of Chemistry

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What is the Law of Conservation of Mass? Give an example.

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. For example, when burning a candle, the mass of wax and oxygen used for burning is equal to the mass of the products formed, which are water vapour, carbon dioxide and ash.

What is the Law of Definite Proportions?

The Law of Definite Proportions states that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio by mass. For example, water always has a fixed ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms, which is 2:1.

What is the Law of Multiple Proportions?

The Law of Multiple Proportions states that if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the second element are in a ratio of small whole numbers. For example, carbon and oxygen can combine to form two compounds, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The mass ratio of oxygen to carbon in carbon dioxide is twice that in carbon monoxide.

What is Avogadro's Law? Give an example.

Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. For example, one mole of oxygen gas occupies the same volume as one mole of nitrogen gas at the same temperature and pressure.

What is Boyle's Law? Give an example.

Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies inversely with its volume at a constant temperature. For example, when a balloon is squeezed, the volume of the air inside it decreases, causing the pressure of the air to increase.

What is Charles's Law? Give an example.

Charles's Law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. For example, when a balloon is heated, the volume of the air inside it increases due to increase in temperature.

What is Gay-Lussac's Law? Give an example.

Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at a constant volume. For example, when the temperature of a gas inside a container is increased, the pressure of the gas also increases due to increase in temperature.

What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures? Give an example.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture. For example, the air we breathe consists of several gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc. Each gas exerts a partial pressure, which contributes to the total pressure of the air.

What is Henry's Law? Give an example.

Henry's Law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. For example, when a can of soda is opened, the pressure of the carbon dioxide gas above the liquid decreases, causing the dissolved gas to come out of solution and form bubbles.

What is Raoult's Law? Give an example.

Raoult's Law states that the vapour pressure of a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution. For example, when a non-volatile solute such as salt is dissolved in a liquid solvent such as water, the vapour pressure of the solution decreases compared to that of the pure solvent.

What is the Law of Electrolysis?

The Law of Electrolysis states that the amount of chemical change produced by an electric current during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electric charge passed through the electrolyte. For example, when water is electrolyzed, the amount of hydrogen gas produced at one electrode is always twice the amount of oxygen gas produced at the other electrode, and the amount of each gas produced is proportional to the amount of electric charge passed through the water.

What is Faraday's Law of Electrolysis?

Faraday's Law of Electrolysis states that the amount of substance produced or consumed at an electrode during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electric charge passed through the electrolyte. For example, when copper metal is electroplated onto a surface, the amount of copper deposited is proportional to the amount of electric charge passed through the electrolyte.

What is the Law of Mass Action?

The Law of Mass Action states that the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants, each raised to the power equal to its coefficient in the balanced chemical equation. For example, the rate of the reaction between hydrogen and iodine to form hydrogen iodide is proportional to the product of the concentrations of hydrogen and iodine.

What is the Law of Equilibrium?

The Law of Equilibrium states that the concentrations of the products and reactants of a reversible reaction reach a constant value when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal. For example, in the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia, the concentrations of ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen reach a constant value when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal.

What is the Law of Thermodynamics? Give an example.

The Law of Thermodynamics is a set of physical laws that describe the behaviour of energy in a system. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. For example, the energy stored in gasoline can be converted into kinetic energy of a car. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a closed system always increases. For example, when a hot object is brought in contact with a cold object, heat flows from hot to cold, increasing the entropy of the system.

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass? Give an example.

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. For example, when burning a candle, the mass of wax and oxygen used for burning is equal to the mass of the products formed, which are water vapour, carbon dioxide and ash.

What is the Law of Definite Proportions?

The Law of Definite Proportions states that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio by mass. For example, water always has a fixed ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms, which is 2:1.

What is the Law of Multiple Proportions?

The Law of Multiple Proportions states that if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the second element are in a ratio of small whole numbers. For example, carbon and oxygen can combine to form two compounds, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The mass ratio of oxygen to carbon in carbon dioxide is twice that in carbon monoxide.

What is Avogadro's Law? Give an example.

Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. For example, one mole of oxygen gas occupies the same volume as one mole of nitrogen gas at the same temperature and pressure.

What is Boyle's Law? Give an example.

Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies inversely with its volume at a constant temperature. For example, when a balloon is squeezed, the volume of the air inside it decreases, causing the pressure of the air to increase.

What is Charles's Law? Give an example.

Charles's Law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. For example, when a balloon is heated, the volume of the air inside it increases due to increase in temperature.

What is Gay-Lussac's Law? Give an example.

Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at a constant volume. For example, when the temperature of a gas inside a container is increased, the pressure of the gas also increases due to increase in temperature.

What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures? Give an example.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture. For example, the air we breathe consists of several gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc. Each gas exerts a partial pressure, which contributes to the total pressure of the air.

What is Henry's Law? Give an example.

Henry's Law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. For example, when a can of soda is opened, the pressure of the carbon dioxide gas above the liquid decreases, causing the dissolved gas to come out of solution and form bubbles.

What is Raoult's Law? Give an example.

Raoult's Law states that the vapour pressure of a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution. For example, when a non-volatile solute such as salt is dissolved in a liquid solvent such as water, the vapour pressure of the solution decreases compared to that of the pure solvent.

What is the Law of Electrolysis?

The Law of Electrolysis states that the amount of chemical change produced by an electric current during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electric charge passed through the electrolyte. For example, when water is electrolyzed, the amount of hydrogen gas produced at one electrode is always twice the amount of oxygen gas produced at the other electrode, and the amount of each gas produced is proportional to the amount of electric charge passed through the water.

What is Faraday's Law of Electrolysis?

Faraday's Law of Electrolysis states that the amount of substance produced or consumed at an electrode during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electric charge passed through the electrolyte. For example, when copper metal is electroplated onto a surface, the amount of copper deposited is proportional to the amount of electric charge passed through the electrolyte.

What is the Law of Mass Action?

The Law of Mass Action states that the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants, each raised to the power equal to its coefficient in the balanced chemical equation. For example, the rate of the reaction between hydrogen and iodine to form hydrogen iodide is proportional to the product of the concentrations of hydrogen and iodine.

What is the Law of Equilibrium?

The Law of Equilibrium states that the concentrations of the products and reactants of a reversible reaction reach a constant value when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal. For example, in the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia, the concentrations of ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen reach a constant value when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal.

What is the Law of Thermodynamics? Give an example.

The Law of Thermodynamics is a set of physical laws that describe the behaviour of energy in a system. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. For example, the energy stored in gasoline can be converted into kinetic energy of a car. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a closed system always increases. For example, when a hot object is brought in contact with a cold object, heat flows from hot to cold, increasing the entropy of the system.

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